INTRODUCTION

  
  The plastic surgery is a well-known category of medical treatments nowadays, and it's becoming even a trend. More and more, women and men tend to get plastic surgeries, whatever it does imply, but they can also afford to spend money on Body Surgeries.


  If this trend is becoming more and more popular, shouldn't we first ask for what it is exactly?  It could also let us wonder about its origins, its creators or even about the effects that experiencers might have to come across because of it, even though the consequences may be positive or negative.

WHAT IS THE PLASTIC SURGERY?

Apparently, the expression "Plastic Surgery" is defined differently than at its beginning. In a medical dictionary, we can find the following definition:
"PLASTIC SURGERY: surgery dealing with repair or restoration of injured, deformed, or destroyed parts of the body. E.G: by transferring tissue, as skin or bones, from other parts or from another individual."
The definition above, joins the former view of that term. That is to say, it was only used to repair the skin, some deformities, or broken bones, with of course, restricted techniques.


For example, looking at this picture, we can notice straight away that the lady's need of  plastic surgery  was purely for deformities purposes and not for cosmetic purposes. 

We can consider this case and relate it to the very first definition, given to the expression "Plastic Surgery".


However, nowadays, the definition would be more a 'medical' way to make your body look more beautiful than ever or even a way to change your physical identity.

PLASTIC SURGERY AND ITS HISTORY

  It seems that the first countries that had used this kind of surgery were India and Egypt, but also,  that the first attempt recorded was around 2000 B.C, in India, and it was about any reconstructive operation on body. 


Sushruta, an Indian surgeon and researcher, made many contributions to the field and much of his work was compiled the Sushruta Samhita which was later translated into Arabic and eventually made its way to Europe.
There are Egyptian papyrus describing ancient reconstructive surgeries on the lips, ears, and nose using skin grafts from the folds of the forehead and cheeks.

  The history of plastic surgery in Eastern medicine did however move very slowly for thousands of years: the techniques used in the ancient Eastern world were rudimentary and often severely painful as anesthesia methods were not well developed.

The patients were also prone to infection until the concepts of sterilization and disinfectants were introduced.

The development of antibiotics, namely sulfa drugs and penicillin also helped fight infection and make the reconstruction surgeries successful. 

The industry exploded with the advent of modern war. The modern weapons used in World War I brought about so many severe deformities in the face and body. After seeing the intense impact the outer appearance had on these maimed soldiers and their success in life, many talented surgeons dedicated themselves fully to improve surgical treatments that would help the thousands of men that were burned and wounded by war.

Therefore, by World War II, doctors and surgeons were much better prepared when they needed to relieve the suffering of soldiers through the reconstruction of their broken bodies and scarred flesh.

 In the United States, plastic surgery began with surgeon Peter Mettauer in 1827. He performed the first cleft palate surgery in North America using instruments he designed himself.

By the same period, Dr William Stewart Halstead founded the first general surgery training program in the United States.

Harold Delf Gillies, was the first to develop plastic surgery as a field of Medecine. In 1918, he's the first physician to be specialized in Plastic surgery and in 1939, one of only four qualified plastic surgeons in England.

  

WHAT CAN PLASTIC SURGERY MAKE BETTER? (POSITIVE EFFECTS)

    There could be several positive effects of undergoing plastic surgery. It is well-known, nowadays to improve people's physical appearance, and most of time, they might see the positive side only. For example, a woman with low size breasts, would think of a bigger size, so that it would give to other people a better image of her, or maybe it is just for a personal satisfaction, just to appear more beautiful, or satisfy a personal aim, and therefore, feel happy for it.


   The second main positive effect, is that it helps people to recover from a physical damage, it allows the body to be 'repaired' and maybe even look better than ever. For example, a kid with cleft palate and clef lip will need to undergo plastic surgery, it has, here a  medical side which includes a facial reconstruction.

            BEFORE                                                                    AFTER 

IMPACT ON PEOPLE (NEGATIVE EFFECTS)

  The plastic surgery's impact differs on people, that is to say, not everybody would be affected by it the same way. 


  On one hand, people can become addicted to it, and abuse it. Individuals who undergo a plastic surgery, tend to want more by the time, and they do have the tendance to ask for more and more plastic surgery interventions. Following this state of mind, it makes the person changes her personality or even her identity.


  On the other hand, there could be unexpected effects such as infections, troubles by the time. Or for example, a mother having undergone a plastic surgery of the breats, would not be able to breast-feed her baby because it could be harmful,either for her or for the baby.


  Last of all, we can state that plastic surgery interventions are becoming more a business and not a medical way to repair skin's flaws anymore.

... CONCLUSION ...

 
   As a conclusion, we may expose the change of the use of the plastic surgery, but also, its two sides. In other words, the medical usefulness and business that it is becoming. We can observe it with people who tend to chose the plastic surgery just to look like models, popular people and so on, seen in magazines.

People hardly realize the effectiveness of those acts: undergoing plastic surgery interventions, expose the patient to crutial risks and consequences. 

However, despite all those facts, it is still a useful way to repair some people's deformities.


Nowadays, it is prominent that its use will not decrease in the next decades, but rather increase. That is the reason why we can really call it a trend.


  

**REFERENCES**

Plastic surgery,1995-2010 The Nemours Foundation:
http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/body_image/plastic_surgery.html